7. Optimization of clean water circuits
Cooling water and boiler water are generally used at high flow rates. Water consumption can be reduced by adopting closed or semi-closed circuits, or by using reheated water at other manufacturing stations.
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Adoption of closed or semi-closed cooling circuits
The following key points must be observed.
In closed circuits, the water is cooled by contact with a secondary fluid (air or water) and is then recycled without contact with air. In semi-closed circuits, on the other hand, the water is cooled by evaporation in an atmospheric cooler before being recycled.
Water-cooled refrigeration compressors should be replaced by air-cooled compressors. Cooling systems can be upgraded with chillers, tubular or plate heat exchangers. In wineries, wastewater cooling should be eliminated,...
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Optimization of clean water circuits
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Bibliography
In Engineering Techniques
Standardization
Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) http://www.boutique.afnor.fr
- Qualité de l'eau. Détermination de l'inhibition de la mobilité de Daphnia magna straus (cladocera, crustacea). Essai de toxicité aiguë. (Indice de classement : T 90-301). - NF EN ISO 6341 - Mai 1996
- Systèmes de management environnemental. Spécifications et lignes directrices pour son utilisation (indice de classement : X 30-200) - NF EN ISO 14001...
Regulations
European Regulation No. 1836/93 (Eco-audit) on the "Community eco-management and audit scheme" (published in the Official Journal of the European Communities on July 10, 1993).
Water law no. 92.3 of January 3, 1992, which supplements and modifies the law of 12/16/1964 on "water management and regulation, and pollution control".
Arrêté du 2 février 1998 relatif aux prélèvements...
Environmental management
The aim is to put in place measures not only to achieve regulatory compliance, but also to identify impacts, define responsibilities and implement actions to improve the environment.
Two main texts define the objectives to be reached and the means to achieve them: ISO 14001 certification and the European Eco-audit regulation (or EMAS, environmental management and audit scheme)....
Organizations
ACTIA (Association de coordination technique pour l'industrie agroalimentaire) :
ADEME (Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie) :
Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne :...
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