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4. Looking ahead to "Lighting 4.0"!
Since 2010, lighting manufacturers have been forced to move towards "LEDification", in a bid to quickly recoup their huge investments in the sector. This aggressive strategy means that older lighting technologies must be abandoned and their manufacture discontinued in the short term, even if LEDs cannot replace them for certain niche applications.
The lighting industry is in turmoil as new players from the world of electronics appear and disappear at a rapid pace. The industry's former oligopolists are seeing their business model, based on the sale of replacement lamps, shaken to the core. Their reactions are almost "spasmodic": they divest themselves of their lighting branch, which changes name or shareholder, and they become prey at the mercy of the biggest manufacturers in the digital sector, for whom lighting is just a sub-function of a complex system....
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Looking ahead to "Lighting 4.0"!
Conclusion
Bibliography
Bibliography
Standards and norms
Definitions and characteristics
- General lighting – Light-emitting diode (LED) products and related equipment – Terms and definitions – Modified by NF EN 62504/A1 (May 2018) - NF EN 62504 - 12-14
- Light and lighting – Measurement and presentation of photometric data for lamps and luminaires – Part 4: LED lamps, modules and luminaires - NF EN 13032-4 + A1 - 06-19
Safety requirements...
Regulations
Decree of December 27, 2018 on the prevention, reduction and limitation of light pollution.
Décret n° 2011-831 du 12 juillet 2011 relatif à la prévention et à la limitation des nuisances lumineuses : Version consolidée au 5 août 2019.
Patents
LED Filaments : HAKATA (K.), MATSUOKA (T.), "Light-emitting device and lighting apparatus incorporating same", US patent n° 2009184618 assigned to Ushio Denki KK, published 23 Jul. 2009
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
Key industrial players in the LED market:
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