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1. Since Antiquity
Since prehistoric times and the "caveman", all civilizations have made varying degrees of use of the subsoil, either to extract resources (water, flint for tools, minerals and building materials), or as shelter and hiding places for families and their possessions.
Without going back to the Etruscans and ancient Rome (the Forum sewer is attributed to Tarquin the Superb, four centuries before our era, and most aqueducts were built underground), it should be noted that use of the urban subsoil remained modest until the mid-19th century (see table 1 ); the 20th century saw the simultaneous growth of cities and automobile traffic, the latter enabling the former and the former requiring...
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Since Antiquity
From London to Paris, from sewers to subways, from Belgrand to Hénard
Bibliography
References
Theses
Specialized conferences
GECUS congresses: 6 congresses, from Paris, 1937, to Warsaw, 1975
Symposium "Large permanent underground openings", Oslo 1969
Symposium "Development and Utilization of Underground Space", Kansas City, 1975
Rockstore" and "Subsurface Space" symposia, Stockholm 1977 and 1980
AFTES Congress "Underground and Local Authorities",...
Trade magazines
Gallerie, quarterly (bilingual English-Italian)
Le Monde souterrain, monthly magazine from 1933 to 1975
Mines and quarries, monthly
Tunnel, bimonthly (bilingual English-German)
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, quarterly since 1985
Tunnels and Tunnelling International, monthly
...Organizations
AFTES (French Tunnel and Underground Space Association, Paris) http://www.aftes.asso.fr
AITES (Association internationale des travaux en souterrain, Lausanne) http://www.ita-aites.org
Ar'site, Architecture-Site, Habiter la Roche et le...
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