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2. From London to Paris, from sewers to subways, from Belgrand to Hénard
2.1 Sanitation
We know that it was insalubrity and its epidemic repercussions (cholera, etc.) that gave rise to the first sewer systems (hence the word sanitation). The first sewers were discharged into the Seine in the 1830s. Two contemporary engineers, Eugène Belgrand in Paris (recruited by Baron Haussmann) and Sir Joseph Bazalgette in London, designed and built underground wastewater collection systems for both cities (from 1854 in Paris, 1856 in London). They adopted the principle that everything unpleasant to the senses should be placed underground.
For the most part, these pipes will be built in trenches at modest depths. In Paris, 600 km of tunnels can be visited. In London, only the main axes, some 150 km long. The large diameter of the Paris sewers...
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From London to Paris, from sewers to subways, from Belgrand to Hénard
Bibliography
References
Theses
Specialized conferences
GECUS congresses: 6 congresses, from Paris, 1937, to Warsaw, 1975
Symposium "Large permanent underground openings", Oslo 1969
Symposium "Development and Utilization of Underground Space", Kansas City, 1975
Rockstore" and "Subsurface Space" symposia, Stockholm 1977 and 1980
AFTES Congress "Underground and Local Authorities",...
Trade magazines
Gallerie, quarterly (bilingual English-Italian)
Le Monde souterrain, monthly magazine from 1933 to 1975
Mines and quarries, monthly
Tunnel, bimonthly (bilingual English-German)
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, quarterly since 1985
Tunnels and Tunnelling International, monthly
...Organizations
AFTES (French Tunnel and Underground Space Association, Paris) http://www.aftes.asso.fr
AITES (Association internationale des travaux en souterrain, Lausanne) http://www.ita-aites.org
Ar'site, Architecture-Site, Habiter la Roche et le...
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