Français
7. Strategic and security applications
In many wars, the underground has played an important role: sappers, i.e. military miners (part of France's Arme du Génie), have dug under fortifications to destroy them (undermine the walls), and this experience has led them to dig hidden galleries and chambers. The primary motivation for strategic installations, both civilian and military, is to prevent not only entry, but also approach and, if possible, sight. The second is to provide shelter for the cannons designed to control passage.
Many promontories have been extensively excavated for this purpose, from the Bastille in Grenoble to the Rock of Gibraltar, two almost urban examples, unlike most of the others cited in this paragraph. More superficial, trenches are shelters against shrapnel (whose trajectory is rather horizontal), often combined with small underground chambers, on the World War I front. Underground...
The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
This article is included in
Public works and infrastructure
This offer includes:
Knowledge Base
Updated and enriched with articles validated by our scientific committees
Services
A set of exclusive tools to complement the resources
Practical Path
Operational and didactic, to guarantee the acquisition of transversal skills
Doc & Quiz
Interactive articles with quizzes, for constructive reading
Strategic and security applications
Utopian or premonitory?
Bibliography
References
Theses
Specialized conferences
GECUS congresses: 6 congresses, from Paris, 1937, to Warsaw, 1975
Symposium "Large permanent underground openings", Oslo 1969
Symposium "Development and Utilization of Underground Space", Kansas City, 1975
Rockstore" and "Subsurface Space" symposia, Stockholm 1977 and 1980
AFTES Congress "Underground and Local Authorities",...
Trade magazines
Gallerie, quarterly (bilingual English-Italian)
Le Monde souterrain, monthly magazine from 1933 to 1975
Mines and quarries, monthly
Tunnel, bimonthly (bilingual English-German)
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, quarterly since 1985
Tunnels and Tunnelling International, monthly
...Organizations
AFTES (French Tunnel and Underground Space Association, Paris) http://www.aftes.asso.fr
AITES (Association internationale des travaux en souterrain, Lausanne) http://www.ita-aites.org
Ar'site, Architecture-Site, Habiter la Roche et le...
The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
