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5. Toronto, Montreal, Minneapolis and the Earth shelter
5.1 Toronto
The opening of the Toronto subway in 1954 gave rise to the idea of linking office buildings, major hotels and department stores to the stations by means of protected walkways, either over the streets (as also existed in Minneapolis, for example, in the mid-1960s), or then, and above all, under them, in greater numbers. This pedestrian network, called PATH, "the path", now extends for 27 km around the metro loop, starting at the central station and linking five metro stations with over 50 buildings. It includes 1,200 stores and basement parking lots.
The cost of the first tunnels and footbridges was shared between the city and local residents. They did not form an easy-to-use network, lacking simplicity, homogeneity, signage and complete interconnection....
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Toronto, Montreal, Minneapolis and the Earth shelter
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Bibliography
References
Theses
Specialized conferences
GECUS congresses: 6 congresses, from Paris, 1937, to Warsaw, 1975
Symposium "Large permanent underground openings", Oslo 1969
Symposium "Development and Utilization of Underground Space", Kansas City, 1975
Rockstore" and "Subsurface Space" symposia, Stockholm 1977 and 1980
AFTES Congress "Underground and Local Authorities",...
Trade magazines
Gallerie, quarterly (bilingual English-Italian)
Le Monde souterrain, monthly magazine from 1933 to 1975
Mines and quarries, monthly
Tunnel, bimonthly (bilingual English-German)
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, quarterly since 1985
Tunnels and Tunnelling International, monthly
...Organizations
AFTES (French Tunnel and Underground Space Association, Paris) http://www.aftes.asso.fr
AITES (Association internationale des travaux en souterrain, Lausanne) http://www.ita-aites.org
Ar'site, Architecture-Site, Habiter la Roche et le...
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