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6. The Far East : Japan, Singapore and China
In China, the city of Beijing (Peking) developed extensive networks of underground bomb shelters long before it built its first metro line. Some of these have been rehabilitated for social use (restaurants, etc.). While Beijing and Shanghai are flat cities, many others are hilly, sometimes with steep slopes; rail and road tunnels are not uncommon, as are, more recently, under-river tunnels. The city of Chongqing used its underground quarries and bomb shelters (during the war against Japan in 1940) as a source of summer air-conditioning for public buildings, including cinemas. The city's School of Architecture has extensively studied the problems of the underground environment, in particular the dehumidification of tropical air (to avoid water condensing on the "cold wall" of the cavities).
Japan's major cities, which have developed extensive metro networks, have...
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The Far East : Japan, Singapore and China
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Bibliography
References
Theses
Specialized conferences
GECUS congresses: 6 congresses, from Paris, 1937, to Warsaw, 1975
Symposium "Large permanent underground openings", Oslo 1969
Symposium "Development and Utilization of Underground Space", Kansas City, 1975
Rockstore" and "Subsurface Space" symposia, Stockholm 1977 and 1980
AFTES Congress "Underground and Local Authorities",...
Trade magazines
Gallerie, quarterly (bilingual English-Italian)
Le Monde souterrain, monthly magazine from 1933 to 1975
Mines and quarries, monthly
Tunnel, bimonthly (bilingual English-German)
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, quarterly since 1985
Tunnels and Tunnelling International, monthly
...Organizations
AFTES (French Tunnel and Underground Space Association, Paris) http://www.aftes.asso.fr
AITES (Association internationale des travaux en souterrain, Lausanne) http://www.ita-aites.org
Ar'site, Architecture-Site, Habiter la Roche et le...
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