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1. Water cycles
1.1 Natural water cycle
Water is singular in its properties and changes of state (liquid, solid and vapor), and is present everywhere, visible or hidden (seas, oceans, water tables, glaciers, ice floes, clouds...).
The closed-circuit water cycle is a complex phenomenon. Although water covers 70% of the Earth's surface (which is a lot on the surface), 97% of this water is saline, and only 3% is freshwater, which is sometimes difficult to access, even though it is essential for life. Freshwater comes mainly from precipitation, and is present at various levels:
76% in glaciers and ice caps ;
22.5% underground: groundwater and deep, captive groundwater ;
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Water cycles
Key figures
Bibliography
- (1) - ANONYME - COP 28 : la France rejoint le Freshwater Challenge du WWF, la plus grande initiative mondiale de protection et restauration d'écosystèmes d'eau douce - (2023). https://www.wwf.fr/vous-informer/actualites/cop28-la-france-rejoint-le-freshwater-challenge-du-wwf ...
Regulations
European Directive 2009/54/EC (definition of natural mineral water, microbiological quality requirements at the source and on packaged water for natural mineral water and spring water, conditions for exploiting the resource, authorized treatments for natural mineral water and spring water, labeling information).
European Directive 2003/40/EC (physicochemical quality limits for 16 constituents naturally...
Directory
Manufacturers, equipment suppliers and production lines (non-exhaustive list)
Ecosoft industrial reverse osmosis 8 https://www.ecosoft.com/fr/category-ecosoft/industial
Natural water https://www.eau-naturelle.fr/boutique/osmoseurs/osmoseurs-industriels
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