Overview
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ABSTRACT
Industrial toxicology evaluates the hazards of the chemicals produced by industry according to official standardized procedures. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the toxicological hazards of chemicals, and how they are evaluated by toxicological studies. It explains to users the scientific terms used in the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for chemical substances.
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Alain LOMBARD: Consultant toxicologist, ALLOTOXCONSULTING, Antibes, France
INTRODUCTION
Chemicals that enter the body (xenobiotics) by various routes (oral, cutaneous, respiratory) are distributed throughout the body before being transformed (metabolized) by the action of our "internal biochemical factory" (liver, kidneys...) to be either utilized (energy, constituents) or neutralized (detoxification). They are then excreted. Depending on the dose absorbed, they may exert a pharmacological action that corrects the functioning of an organ (drugs), or a toxic action that more or less seriously disrupts the functioning of an organ during their stay in the body.
Exposure to potential hazards depends on the substance's ability to penetrate the body (physico-chemical properties), as well as on the duration of exposure and the concentration administered. For many chemical substances, "the dose creates the poison"; in other words, the significance of the effects is linked to the quantity of the product brought into contact with the body by various routes. However, for some substances, such as endocrine disruptors, reactivity in the body is independent of dose progressivity.
Industrial toxicology applies standardized procedures defined by the registration authorities to assess the hazards of substances produced by the chemical industry. This results in the classification and labeling of these chemical substances according to an international system, in order to inform users of the hazards of these substances, but also in the determination of toxicological reference values, resulting from toxicology studies, which make it possible to define adequate prevention and protection measures to control the risks resulting from potential exposure.
The old system of classification and labeling of hazardous substances under Directive 67/548/EEC was replaced by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), on 1 er December 2010 for the classification of substances, and on 1 er June 2015 for mixtures. GHS has been translated into CLP (Classification, Labelling and Packaging) in the European Community.
This article provides a simple explanation of the toxicological effects of chemical substances, as well as their translation into the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) made available to users of chemical substances.
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Bibliography
Websites
Anses – Nanomaterials
Anses – Endocrine disruptors
CEA – Nanosafe
ECHA – Nanomaterials
...Regulations
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16, 2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (see various amendments).
Arrêté du 7 décembre 2009 (JO du 16 décembre 2009, 3 pages): modification des arrêtés du 20 avril 1994 et...
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ATC – Association de toxicochimie
ARET – Association for Research in Toxicology
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