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2. Pinhole camera
The pinhole is the oldest studied binary optic in human history . This is because the pinhole is a simple, inexpensive, easily made and robust component: it consists of an optical surface open to a small diaphragm. In the 10th century, the Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham used a pinhole to observe solar eclipses. In the 15th century, Della Porta incorporated the pinhole into a camera obscura. The pinhole was subsequently abandoned in the visible range in...
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Pinhole camera
Binarized Fresnel lens (or zoned grating)
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The study of binary optics is an old discipline and belongs to the toolbox of the researcher/engineer who can revisit these concepts according to his or her application needs. The bulk of current work in photolithography is in the field of nanotechnology and plasmonics, which are not covered in this article. The teams mentioned below have published papers that inspired this article, or their work is known to the authors. Nevertheless,...
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