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8. New perspectives
In the field of heating at relatively low temperatures (< 400 ˚C), screen-printed resistors are beginning to develop.
Screen-printed resistors are ultra-flat heating elements manufactured using the screen-printing technique on a steel substrate. These resistors operate at 230 V and up to temperatures of 400 ˚C.
The manufacture of screen-printed heating elements is carried out in a clean environment (at least class 10000). The basic equipment includes a high-precision screen-printing machine, drying equipment and a tunnel furnace with a perfectly regulated temperature profile and a controlled atmosphere (air) in terms of purity and flow. The steel must be clean and dry, and operators should only handle it with gloves to avoid surface pollution. No preparation is required before screen-printing...
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New perspectives
Conclusion
Bibliography
Heating element suppliers
ACIM JOUANIN S.A. [email protected]
CERHEC [email protected]
KANTHAL http://www.kanthal.com
RESCAL http://www.rescal.com
...Regulations
The Union technique de l'électricité (UTE) provides readers with collections of French, foreign and international standards, as well as reproductions of regulatory texts: both can also be purchased from the Association française de normalisation (AFNOR). In each country, the national standardization service can provide the same services.
Texts
- Textes officiels relatifs aux conditions techniques...
Standardization
- Installations électriques à haute tension : Règles - NF C 13-200 - 12-89
- High-voltage electrical installations – practical guide – determining conductor cross-sections and selecting protective devices - NF C 13-205 - 7-94
- Installations de branchement à basse tension : Règles - NF C 14-100 - 2-98
- Installations électriques à basse tension : Règles - NF C 15-100 - 12-02
- Installations électriques...
Electrical heating equipment market
2005 was marked by a sharp drop in the power ordered for thermal equipment, surpassing the increases of the previous two years: +6% between 2002 and 2003, +3% between 2003 and 2004, compared with -24% between 2004 and 2005.
Natural gas, which had grown significantly last year, with a 13-point gain in market share between 2004 and 2005, suffered the sharpest decline: -35% between...
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