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6. Chemical, pharmaceutical and biological industries
Electric resistance ovens are widely used in the chemical, pharmaceutical and biological industries for preparing granules and pellets, drying medicinal plants, various sterilization processes, microbial cultures, vacuum heating and isothermal maintenance.
There are also many electric hot air generators used in manufacturing processes or for testing, mainly in the chemical industry. A wide range of power (from a few tens of watts to several thousand kilowatts) and temperature requirements, up to over 1,000 ˚C, can be met.
For temperatures below 1,000 ˚C, heating elements are made up of metal resistor banks (often shielded resistors, finned elements or similar); for higher temperatures, heating elements are non-metallic (gas reheating above 1,200 ˚C with silicon carbide heating elements).
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Chemical, pharmaceutical and biological industries
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Bibliography
Heating element suppliers
ACIM JOUANIN S.A. [email protected]
CERHEC [email protected]
KANTHAL http://www.kanthal.com
RESCAL http://www.rescal.com
...Regulations
The Union technique de l'électricité (UTE) provides readers with collections of French, foreign and international standards, as well as reproductions of regulatory texts: both can also be purchased from the Association française de normalisation (AFNOR). In each country, the national standardization service can provide the same services.
Texts
- Textes officiels relatifs aux conditions techniques...
Standardization
- Installations électriques à haute tension : Règles - NF C 13-200 - 12-89
- High-voltage electrical installations – practical guide – determining conductor cross-sections and selecting protective devices - NF C 13-205 - 7-94
- Installations de branchement à basse tension : Règles - NF C 14-100 - 2-98
- Installations électriques à basse tension : Règles - NF C 15-100 - 12-02
- Installations électriques...
Electrical heating equipment market
2005 was marked by a sharp drop in the power ordered for thermal equipment, surpassing the increases of the previous two years: +6% between 2002 and 2003, +3% between 2003 and 2004, compared with -24% between 2004 and 2005.
Natural gas, which had grown significantly last year, with a 13-point gain in market share between 2004 and 2005, suffered the sharpest decline: -35% between...
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