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1. Hybrid electric architectures
The simplest definition of a hybrid vehicle is one that uses two energy sources.
If we look at the different sources that can be combined to power a vehicle, we see everything from horsepower to electricity.
Given this definition, the first idea for a hybrid vehicle dates back to the 17th century in 1665, when Ferdinand Verbiest, a Jesuit priest, began work on plans for a four-wheeled vehicle that could be powered by steam or pulled by a horse. To this day, there is no evidence that his idea was ever put into practice.
A great deal of work was then done on steam on the one hand and electric on the other. In the end, it was electric power that defeated steam, before being dethroned by petroleum.
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Hybrid electric architectures
Hybrid living situations and functionalities
Bibliography
Bibliography
- (1) - BEDEUR (M.) - Histoire de l'usine Pieper-Impéria, - http://www.automag.be/Librairie-Automagautomobile .
- (2) - BERETTA (J.) -...
Websites
PSA Peugeot Citroën https://www.stellantis.com/fr
Renault http://www.renault.com
Toyota http://www.toyota.co.jp
Events
Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS) Worldwide event on electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, held every year in Asia, North America and Europe.
EEVConventions The European Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (EEVC) Congress is now recognised as premier global platform in the field of eMobility. https://www.eevc.eu/
...Norms and standards
- Regulation on CO2 emission/fuel consumption. - UNECE R101 -
- Regulation on emissions of M1 and N1 categories of vehicles. - UNECE R83 -
- Règlement européen Euro 5 et Euro 6 au regard des émissions des véhicules particuliers et utilitaires légers et aux informations sur la réparation et l'entretien de ces véhicules. - 715/EC - 2007
- Directive européenne du 18 juillet 2008 sur l'implémentation du...
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