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2. Malfunctions impacting reliability and performance
2.1 Reminders of water chemistry
The water available before treatment for use as make-up water has two different origins:
surface water (rivers): in this case, coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment is essential;
Borehole water (groundwater) or mains water: no pre-treatment required.
Natural surface waters contain suspended solids: solid particles of a mineral (sand, silt, clay) or biological (bacteria) nature. Fine particles smaller than 1 µm are the source of a phenomenon known as "fouling", which contributes to the creation of biofilm at the water-exchange surface interface between the surface water sampling point and the pre-treatment unit (softener, osmosis unit)....
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Malfunctions impacting reliability and performance
Operating instructions
Bibliography
- (1) - Kurinpower A 6060 - http://www.kurita.eu
- (2) - - http://www.babcock-wanson.fr/chaudieres ...
Regulations
Anses http://www.anses.fr
Afssa – Referral no. 2002-SA-0317
Afssa – Referral no. 2004-SA-0008 and related referral no. 2002-SA-0317
Afssa – Referral no. 2006-SA-0196
Patents
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US514176 A patent, August 25, 1992
Method for mitigation of caustic corrosion in coordinated phosphate: pH treatment programs for boilers
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US patent 5747342 A, May 5, 1998
Methods and apparatus for monitoring and controling pH phosphate and sodium ratio in boiler system operating with captive alkalinity
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Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
http://www.babcock-wanson.fr / boilers
BW-E Manage and MAE BW 720
http://www.spiraxsarco.com / steam traps
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