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7. Microwave systems
Microwaves are electromagnetic in nature, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Like light, they are little affected by diffuse dust, unsaturated steam, pressure, temperature and the chemical composition of the atmosphere through which they pass. Although the level detectors using them are on the whole rather expensive compared with other solutions, they have undergone considerable development, prices have fallen and the high frequency makes it easy to claim very good measurement uncertainty, in the millimetre range. Robust, they can withstand high temperatures.
There are four ways to use them:
in level detection, like a photoelectric cell through the walls ;
in measurement, by emitting pulses whose return time is determined, as in most ultrasonic systems;
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Microwave systems
Vibrating fork sensors
Bibliography
Websites
Online course on level measurement using radar technology :
https://academy-online.krohne.com/elearning/fr/cours/mesure-de-niveau-radar/
Engineer's Garage: level sensors :
...Standards and norms
- Radiation protection – Sealed radioactive sources – General requirements and classification - ISO 2919 - 2012
- Tanks for transporting hazardous materials – Tank service equipment – Fill limiters for liquid petroleum fuels - NF EN 13922 - 2011
The catalog of Iso and Afnor standards can be consulted online on the Afnor website: http://www.afnor.fr
...Regulations
Arrêté du 8 juillet 2003 relatif au contrôle métrologique des récipients-mesures. NOR : INDI0301736A
Decision no. 09.00.110.003.1 of October 21, 2009 relating to calibration resources in the field of static and dynamic liquid measurement.
Arrêté du 24 mars 2009 relatif aux jaugeurs. NOR : ECEI0906617A
Decree no. 2002-460 of April 4, 2002 on the general...
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Apave: https://www.apave.com
French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN): https://www.asn.fr
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC): https://www.cenelec.eu
Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS): https://www.ineris.fr...
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