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1. Extractive metallurgy
Discovered by the German chemist Klaproth in 1789, zirconium was first prepared in its metallic form by the Swedish chemist Berzélius in 1824, at the time a very impure, hard and brittle material. . In 1865, Troost tried unsuccessfully to produce malleable zirconium by reducing zirconium chloride with magnesium. .
Although the existence of hafnium was predicted as early as 1913 by H. Moseley, based on the study of the X-ray emission spectra...
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Extractive metallurgy
Ingot production
Bibliography
Standardization
Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.
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French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
- Description and qualification...
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