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9. Conclusion
Zirconium and hafnium metallurgy is now well known and mastered. Advances in numerical simulations and knowledge of thermodynamics, deformation mechanisms and solid state physics have made it possible to develop high-performance alloys and products, particularly for the nuclear industry.
Despite their excellent corrosion-resistance properties in a wide range of chemical environments, these metals are still very specific in their use, due to their high reactivity with oxygen and many other elements, a reactivity that requires complex and costly extractive metallurgy, as well as heat treatment under vacuum or neutral gas.
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Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Standardization
Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.
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French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
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