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1. Heating and cooling
Recall that pure zirconium and hafnium exhibit an allotropic transformation from the α-phase (hexagonal compact) at low temperature to the β-phase (cubic centered) at high temperature. The phase-change temperature is 863°C for zirconium and 1,760°C for hafnium.
1.1 Heat equation
The heat equation is written :
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Heating and cooling
Bibliography
Standardization
Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.
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French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
- Description and qualification...
Manufacturers. Suppliers. Distributors
Please refer in particular to the manufacturers' websites:
France
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Framatome
United States
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