1. Heating and cooling

Recall that pure zirconium and hafnium exhibit an allotropic transformation from the α-phase (hexagonal compact) at low temperature to the β-phase (cubic centered) at high temperature. The phase-change temperature is 863°C for zirconium and 1,760°C for hafnium.

1.1 Heat equation

The heat equation is written :

ρ \frac{d H}{d t} + div Φ = Q

^( 1 )

with :

ρ...

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Heating and cooling

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Bibliography

(1) - DUPIN (N.), ANSARA (I.), SERVANT(C.), TOFFOLON (C.), LEMAIGNAN (C.), BRACHET (J.C.) - A thermodynamic database for zirconium alloys. - J. Nucl. Mat., vol. 275, pp. 287-295 (1999).
(2) - FORGERON (T.), BRACHET (J.C.), BARCELO (F.), CASTAING (A.), HIVROZ (J.), MARDON...

Standardization

Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.

French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
- Description and qualification...