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3. Hafnium
Hafnium, which lies just below zirconium in Mendeleiev's periodic table, has many analogies with zirconium in terms of heat treatment, induced by similarities in crystallographic structure, texture, β – α phase transformation, its reactivity with oxygen, the formation of intermetallic phases with iron and so on. However a number of specific features need to be taken into consideration:
hafnium alloys are generally less loaded with additive elements than zirconium alloys;
the β – α phase transformation takes place at around 1,750°C instead of 863°C for zirconium, which makes it very difficult industrially to design ranges with β phase transition and therefore with quenching. All deformation is therefore carried out in the α phase: typically at around 1,000°C for ingot roughing, and cold for thin products;...
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Hafnium
Conclusion
Bibliography
Standardization
Most standards for zirconium and hafnium metal products, or alloys, are American ASTM standards. A few French standards also exist. Few standards concern hafnium.
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French standards
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Aqueous corrosion testing of zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors. - NF EN ISO 10270 - Juillet 2008
- Description and qualification...
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