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1. Liquid metal processing
In 2010, most tool steels are produced in arc furnaces. The induction furnace retains the advantage of flexibility, enabling small quantities to be produced, while the crucible furnace is on the way out.
1.1 Crucible melting
This technique, discovered in the 18th century, has survived to the present day. It does not allow for a refining operation to remove impurities such as sulfur or phosphorus. The crucible is reductive, but acidic, consisting of a mixture of graphite and siliceous earth. This calls for a rigorous choice of raw materials, which, if the melting process is well managed, ensures a much-appreciated consistency of quality.
The charge consists of Swedish iron, alloying elements and cast iron. The difficulty lies in adjusting...
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Liquid metal processing
As-cast structure
Bibliography
Standardization
French Standards Agency (Afnor)
- Aciers à outils. - NF EN ISO 4957 - 05-00
- Steel designation systems – Part 1: symbolic designation. - NF EN 10027-1 - 11-05
- Steel designation systems – Part 2: digital systems. - NF EN 10027-2 - 11-92
- Steel products – Fracture determination of austenitic...
Organizations
Construire acier (ex OTUA)
French Mechanical Association (AFM)
Center technique des industries mécaniques (CETIM)
Suppliers (non-exhaustive list)
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Lists of suppliers can be obtained from the following trade associations (non-exhaustive lists).
Chamber of producers of fine and special steels (SPAS)
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