Overview
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ABSTRACT
This article presents a new reverse engineering method to determine the thermal behaviour of a historical building non-destructively. The method is used to estimate the thermal resistance of walls whose characteristics are unknown. The heat flow through the walls is measured using a heat flow meter (HFM), and the temperature of different spaces in the building is recorded by sensors over 4 months. We thus obtain the thermal resistance of walls, and use that information for dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) of the building. The temperature curves plotted from DTS are compared with recorded temperatures. By further refining the model, the simulation curves can be brought very close to recorded temperatures. The DTS results thus mirror the real thermal behavior of the building.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Hiva SHAMSBORHAN: Teacher R&D Project Manager - Energy and Environment Department, ICAM (Lille, France)
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Christophe PENNEL: Teacher in charge of R&D projects, ICAM site de Paris-Sénart (Lieusaint, France)
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Baptiste HEELE: Operations engineer at CNPE (Civaux, France)
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Marine HERAULT: BI Development Engineer at Sopra Steria (Lille, France)
INTRODUCTION
Today, many developed countries are trying to reduce the overall energy consumption of buildings, as well as their greenhouse gas emissions. To meet these targets, many buildings need to be renovated. Many methods are used around the world to ensure the success of building renovation projects. These include
energy audit ;
building performance assessment ;
quantifying energy savings ;
economic analysis;
risk assessment and measurement & verification (M&V) of energy saved.
An energy audit is essential for energy-saving renovations. Energy audits vary in scope and depth. According to the ASHRAE manual, the energy audit can be classified according to three levels:
level 1: overview of evaluations ;
level 2: energy study with analysis ;
level 3: detailed energy analysis.
Numerical models are an important part of detailed energy analysis. They can also be used to predict the energy saved after a series of renovation projects.
By knowing the characteristics of a building, we can easily calculate its STD and obtain its thermal behavior. This applies to buildings for which the technical database is available. If the technical database is missing, there are two reliable ways of obtaining the wall's thermal resistance:
the first is a destructive method, i.e. making holes in the walls (coring or endoscopic method) to understand their composition and calculate their thermal resistance;
the second is a non-destructive method using a fluxmeter to obtain the thermal resistance of the wall and compare it with the destructive method. Ficco et al. have demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of the second method for historic buildings.
In this work, an attempt was made to involve the said non-destructive method in an inverse methodology, in order to obtain the thermal behavior of the building, without using any destructive operation.
The work is carried out at ICAM Lille, which was built in 1898. The establishment is therefore considered a historic building in which destructive operations are not recommended. On the other hand, there is no information about the composition of the walls. The ICAM buildings therefore present a good opportunity to apply our methodology and testing.
Field: building heating
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KEYWORDS
numerical simulation of surface thermal phenomena | historical building | dynamic thermal simulation | thermal behavior
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Inverse methodology for obtaining the thermal behavior of an old building
Bibliography
Websites
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Newsteo Wireless Montoring
http://www.newsteo.com/en/data-logger/datalogger.php (page consulted on June 22, 2016)
Standards and norms
- Thermal insulation, Building elements, In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance. - ISO 9869-1 - Geneva 1994
Regulations
Directive 2002/91/EC of The European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the performance of buildings, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 1/54 of the 4.1.2003.
Directive 2010/31/EU of The European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the performance of buildings (recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 153/13 of the 18.6.2010.
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference