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3. Industrial implementation of HF and H2SO4 processes
While the chemical reaction mechanism is complex due to competition between isomerization by carbonium ion rearrangement and hydride transfer, alkylation is further complicated by secondary reactions leading to undesirable products, and by physical phenomena due to the existence of two liquid phases (acid and hydrocarbon) in the reactor.
A large number of studies have been carried out to elucidate the simultaneous influences of physical and chemical phenomena in the overall transformation process: in particular, the roles of agitation and temperature on material transfers and solubilities, and the importance of phase and emulsion characteristics.
3.1 Physico-chemical factors and operating conditions
As the chemical reactions of alkylation...
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Industrial implementation of HF and H2SO4 processes
Alkylation processes in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts
Bibliography
Bibliography
Regulations
We refer the reader to the regulations on highly concentrated HF and H 2 SO 4 acids.
Directory
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DuPont Stratco http://www.2.dupont.com
Exxon mobil http://www.exxonmobil.com
Statistical and economic data
Alkylation developed mainly in North America, where demand for synthetic gasolines was much higher than in Europe. Of a total of 46 Mt in 1982, over 85% (39 Mt) was manufactured in North America. In 2008, North America still accounted for the majority of alkylation capacity, with 47 Mt, or 58% of worldwide capacity.
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