5. Environment and process comparison
New environmental protection regulations concerning automobile exhaust gases, the greenhouse effect and volatile organic compounds in particular, will contribute increasingly to the development of alkylation. In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1990 led to a new "reformulation" of gasolines in 1995, a measure that is currently being introduced in Europe. This reformulation contributes to the development of processes such as isomerization, MTBE addition and alkylation.
Between 1982 and 1994, alkylation in the presence of HF, which was growing at a rate of 4.7% a year, was curbed somewhat, in view of the measures that had been envisaged since the 1987 accidents at the Mobil refinery alkylation unit in California and at other units in Texas. As hydrofluoric acid is fairly volatile, clouds of this acid in aerosol form could cause damage, given its toxicity....
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Environment and process comparison
Bibliography
Bibliography
Regulations
We refer the reader to the regulations on highly concentrated HF and H 2 SO 4 acids.
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
DuPont Stratco http://www.2.dupont.com
Exxon mobil http://www.exxonmobil.com
Statistical and economic data
Alkylation developed mainly in North America, where demand for synthetic gasolines was much higher than in Europe. Of a total of 46 Mt in 1982, over 85% (39 Mt) was manufactured in North America. In 2008, North America still accounted for the majority of alkylation capacity, with 47 Mt, or 58% of worldwide capacity.
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