Overview
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ABSTRACT
Optical fibres play a major role in modern telecommunication networks. Their structure and characteristics, the propagation and distortion of signals are described. At this time, traditional fibres are the most widely used in networks. However, "special fibres" and, in particular, microstructured fibres are experiencing interesting developments.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Michel JOINDOT: École Polytechnique alumnus - Chief Telecommunications Engineer
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Irène JOINDOT: Engineer Ensi Caen - Doctorate from the University of Montpellier, qualified to direct research
INTRODUCTION
An optical fiber is a dielectric guide that conducts light over long distances. The vast majority of fibers in use are rotationally symmetrical around their axis and made of isotropic materials (glass). Our aim is to present the fundamental properties of these fibers for their application in telecommunications, i.e. their properties with regard to the attenuation and distortion undergone by signals during propagation. But we will also look at new structures that have appeared in recent years, such as microstructured fibers, in which the condition of isotropy of the material is no longer respected.
The idea of transporting optical signals over long distances on a fiber was launched in 1966, but it would take years to master the manufacturing processes and control the composition of materials, which has a decisive influence on losses. It will then be possible to achieve attenuations low enough to allow signals to be transmitted over distances long enough to be of practical interest and make optical technology competitive. Starting from 1,000 dB/km in 1960, attenuation fell to 20 dB/km in 1975, then to 0.2 dB/km in 1984.
Compared with other existing transmission media, optical fiber offers low, virtually constant attenuation over an enormous frequency range, and thus the advantage of gigantic bandwidths, making it possible to transmit very high digital data rates. But fiber isn't just a perfect attenuator: the variation in refractive index as a function of wavelength is the main cause of chromatic dispersion, which distorts transmitted signals. The greater the distance, and the greater the bandwidth of the transmitted signals, the more this linear effect becomes apparent. As long as the attenuation of the fibers was sufficiently high that the signal had to be regenerated before it was significantly distorted, dispersion was neglected. With the reduction of losses and the emergence of very high-capacity systems, chromatic dispersion has become a fundamental effect.
Fiber amplifiers have made it possible to inject high powers into fibers and compensate for propagation losses; the counterpart is the appearance of non-linear effects, which are also a source of signal degradation, but can also be used positively under certain conditions to compensate for the influence of chromatic dispersion. In general, linear and non-linear effects interact and cannot be isolated and treated separately.
Fiber optics are therefore a complex propagation medium, whose effect on a signal can only be predicted using simulation software: many laboratories have developed such tools.
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KEYWORDS
optics | communications | cables
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Optical fibers for telecommunications
Bibliography
Conferences
Two major conferences are held each year, showcasing the latest advances in optical telecommunications research:
ECOC (European Conference on Optical Communications), which takes place in a European city in September. The website address is http://www.ecocxxxx.org where xxxx designates the...
Standards and norms
Recommendations concerning the various types of optical fiber for telecommunications, available on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website at http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.652/fr
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
A few major manufacturers share the worldwide market for optical fibers and cables for long-distance telecommunications networks. These "generalist" groups manufacture just about every type of fiber used in telecommunications, and are capable of producing thousands of kilometers of fiber.
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