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5. Polarization modal dispersion
A single-mode fiber in the usual sense allows the propagation of a single mode (LP 01 ), but this mode is degenerate, i.e. it can be decomposed into two independent basic modes with orthogonal polarizations.
Ellipticity (a real fiber is never perfectly circular) and external stresses result in birefringence whose axes change randomly along the fiber. The result is coupling between the two basic modes, so that when a pulse is sent into the fiber, two pulses separated by a random delay are received at the end, giving rise to an echo phenomenon, generating interference between symbols (figure 17 ). The theory of this complex phenomenon will not be developed here, and we will confine ourselves to...
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Polarization modal dispersion
The different types of fiber encountered
Bibliography
Conferences
Two major conferences are held each year, showcasing the latest advances in optical telecommunications research:
ECOC (European Conference on Optical Communications), which takes place in a European city in September. The website address is http://www.ecocxxxx.org where xxxx designates the...
Standards and norms
Recommendations concerning the various types of optical fiber for telecommunications, available on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website at http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.652/fr
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A few major manufacturers share the worldwide market for optical fibers and cables for long-distance telecommunications networks. These "generalist" groups manufacture just about every type of fiber used in telecommunications, and are capable of producing thousands of kilometers of fiber.
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