2. Turbines
A turbine consists of a distributor, an impeller and a diffuser or aspirator. The distributor's role is to direct the liquid streams so that they reach the impeller at the right speed and in the right direction. The impeller is made up of buckets or blades; it transforms the kinetic and/or pressure energy of the water into mechanical energy. The diffuser or aspirator recovers the kinetic and/or gravitational energy that the fluid still possesses at the impeller outlet.
2.1 Action turbines
A turbine is said to act if the fluid pressure at the distributor outlet p e (i.e. the pressure at the impeller inlet) and the pressure at the impeller outlet p s are identical: p...
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Turbines
Civil engineering layouts
Bibliography
References
Economic data
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Current situation
In 2000, some 1,700 independent private producers generated 7 TWh, i.e. 1.5% of French electricity production or 2% of national consumption, and 10% of French hydropower production. For the record, French consumption in 2000 was 424 TWh. EDF operates 550 sites with capacities ranging from 100 kW to 1,800 MW. Table
Installation and connection regulations
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Authorizations and decrees
In France, there are two procedures, depending on the size of the work required to develop a site on a watercourse:
authorization request for minor sites ;
concession applications for major sites.
Numerous...
Standardization
- Postes de livraison établis à l'intérieur d'un bâtiment et alimentés par un réseau de distribution publique HTA (jusqu'à 33 kV) - NF C 13-100 - avr. 2001
- Installations de branchement à basse tension - NF C 14-100 - janv. 1998
Organizations
Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe) http://www.ademe.fr
Groupement des producteurs autonomes d'énergie hydroélectrique (GPAE) http://www.gpae.com.fr
Manufacturers (non-exhaustive list)
ESAC Énergie (Voight Siemens Hydro) http://www.eurocooIer.com/turbine.htm
Alstom Power http://www.power.alstom.com
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