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7. Operation
7.1 Stand-alone power plants
In the case of a stand-alone power plant feeding into an isolated network, frequency and voltage must be kept constant. This requires speed and voltage regulation.
Speed control can be provided by either a mechanical or an electronic controller, which operates the valve device via a cylinder or motor. Mechanical regulators are of the tachometric or accelerotachometric type. Their operating principle is based on the ball controller. In the event of strong load variations, the regulator must rapidly modify the water intake flow rate, which can lead to destructive water hammer in the pipes. This can be achieved by increasing the unit's moment of inertia, commonly referred to by hydraulic engineers as PD 2...
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Operation
Conclusion
Bibliography
References
Economic data
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Current situation
In 2000, some 1,700 independent private producers generated 7 TWh, i.e. 1.5% of French electricity production or 2% of national consumption, and 10% of French hydropower production. For the record, French consumption in 2000 was 424 TWh. EDF operates 550 sites with capacities ranging from 100 kW to 1,800 MW. Table
Installation and connection regulations
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Authorizations and decrees
In France, there are two procedures, depending on the size of the work required to develop a site on a watercourse:
authorization request for minor sites ;
concession applications for major sites.
Numerous...
Standardization
- Postes de livraison établis à l'intérieur d'un bâtiment et alimentés par un réseau de distribution publique HTA (jusqu'à 33 kV) - NF C 13-100 - avr. 2001
- Installations de branchement à basse tension - NF C 14-100 - janv. 1998
Organizations
Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe) http://www.ademe.fr
Groupement des producteurs autonomes d'énergie hydroélectrique (GPAE) http://www.gpae.com.fr
Manufacturers (non-exhaustive list)
ESAC Énergie (Voight Siemens Hydro) http://www.eurocooIer.com/turbine.htm
Alstom Power http://www.power.alstom.com
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