2. Water

Water can be used as a heat transfer fluid in two phases: liquid and vapor. In its liquid form, water's properties make it an excellent heat transfer medium, serving as a reference fluid for other fluids. Its use, in its pure state, is limited to temperatures above 0.01°C (triple point) and below 300°C, given the high saturation pressures and installation costs these high temperatures entail. As it can dissolve a great many mineral species in the form of $({Ca}^{+ +}, {Mg}^{+ +}, {Cl}^{-}, {HCO}_{3}^{-}, {SO}_{4}^{- -})$ ...

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Bibliography

(1) - EASTMAN (J.A.), CHOI SUSYU (W.), THOMSON (L.) - Anomalously Increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles. - Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78, p. 718-720 (2001).
(2) - EASTMAN (J.A.),...