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4. Air/flue gas circuits
This section describes the design and sizing principles for a boiler's air and flue gas circuits, and their main components (heat exchangers, fans, etc.).
4.1 Nature of circuits
Atmospheric air, used for combustion in the furnace, has the disadvantage of containing only 20% oxygen, forcing four times more nitrogen into the system as ballast than the oxygen required for combustion. In addition, this atmospheric air contains water vapour. The heat contained in the fumes produced by combustion is partially captured in the furnace by the screen tubes and, downstream of the furnace, in exchangers with a variety of functions: superheaters, re-superheaters or evaporators and economizers (figure
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Air/flue gas circuits
Bibliography
Software tools
KED PPSD (boiler calculation) http:// www.ked.de
NOWA (water-steam circulation) http://www.iet.tuwien.ac.at
ASPEN PLUS® (thermal cycles, reactions) http:// www.aspentech.com
...Standards and norms
- Chaudières à tubes d'eau et installations auxiliaires - NF EN 12952 -
- Water-tube boilers and auxiliary systems – Part 15: Acceptance tests - NF EN 12952-15 - 01-04
- Performance Test Codes Fired Steam Generators - ASME PTC 4-2008 - 2008
- Code for Acceptance Tests on stationary steam generators of the power station type - BS 2885 - 1974
Regulations
Pressure Equipment Directive (European Parliament Directive 97/23/EC), transposed into French law by Decree No. 99-1046, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment.
Decree of January 31, 2011 amending the decree of March 15, 2000 on the operation of pressure equipment
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Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
Alfa Laval Aalborg A/S http://www.aalborgindustries.com
Alstom Power http://www.alstom.com
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