7. State commitments

7.1 Europe

European actions for hydrogen are managed in the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen – Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) a research, development and demonstration program. It ended in 2014 and has been renewed until 2020. This program, which covers the period 2014-2020, has been named FCH 2 JU. It resulted in the deployment of the hydrogen energy solution across Europe, thanks to a total investment of 1.33 billion euros. The focus was on improving equipment performance and reducing costs, as well as preparing hydrogen technology to enter both the transport market (cars, buses, refuelling stations) and the energy market (production, storage, distribution, stationary equipment).

In 2020, the European Commission launched its hydrogen strategy, which focuses on three...

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Conclusion

Bibliography

(1) - GRIMES (P.G.) - Historic pathways for fuel cells – The new electric century. - IEEE AES Systems Magazine, p. 7-10 (2000).
(2) - MOND (L.), LANGER (C.) - A new form of gas battery. - Phil. Mag., vol. 46, p. 296-304 (1889)....

Standards and norms

Hydrogen fuel – Product specification – Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles. - ISO/TS 14687-2 - 2012
Hydrogen gas and hydrogen gas mixtures – Fuel tanks for land vehicles. - ISO/TS 15869 - 2009
Considérations fondamentales pour la sécurité des systèmes à l'hydrogène. - ISO/TR 15916 - 2004
Transportable gas storage devices – Hydrogen absorbed in a reversible...

Regulations

In addition to the traditional type-approval rules for combustion-powered vehicles and the rules relating to the electrification of the propulsion system, fuel cell vehicles are subject to specific European regulations, such as EC 79/2009 and its implementing directive 406/2010. These two regulations require proof of the hydrogen system's operational safety. They also require "type-approval" for the most sensitive components...