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2. Equations to solve
The various processes described above have the following points in common:
they concern the deformation of thin structures (the thickness of the material being blown or thermoformed is small compared to the other dimensions of the part);
deformations are significant (deformations of the order of 5 can be encountered) and essentially elongational in nature. However, in certain areas and for certain processes (e.g. blowing and beaming), shear stresses can be significant;
deformation speeds can be high (up to 100 s –1 locally), the power dissipated during deformation is not negligible and blowing or thermoforming operations cannot always be considered isothermal even before the sheet (or tube) and mold come into contact;
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Equations to solve
Volumetric or membrane-type formulation
References
Tools
The following are the names of a number of simulation software packages, together with details of the companies or organizations that market and develop them.
BLOWUP
École des Mines de Paris, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (Cemef) – France http://www.cemef.cma.fr
BLOWVIEW
Jordan, Apostal,...
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
AFICEP (French Association of Rubber and Polymer Engineers and Managers) http://www.aficep.com
AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation) www.afnor.fr
ASTM International...
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