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3. Volumetric or membrane-type formulation
Thermoformed or blown products are usually thin bodies. This raises the question of whether it is necessary to consider them as completely three-dimensional objects when studying their shaping. Couldn't we do away with the need for a third dimension, by taking advantage of the fact that these products are thin?
Below, we present the two types of approach, fully three-dimensional volumetric and thin shell — or rather membrane in the context of this presentation —, and then give arguments for choosing between the two.
3.1 Volume formulation
In this formulation, the deformed sheet, preform or gob is considered as a fully three-dimensional body: the above equations are solved on the geometric domain it occupies, also known as the configuration....
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Volumetric or membrane-type formulation
Digital discretization and resolution
References
Tools
The following are the names of a number of simulation software packages, together with details of the companies or organizations that market and develop them.
BLOWUP
École des Mines de Paris, Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (Cemef) – France http://www.cemef.cma.fr
BLOWVIEW
Jordan, Apostal,...
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
AFICEP (French Association of Rubber and Polymer Engineers and Managers) http://www.aficep.com
AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation) www.afnor.fr
ASTM International...
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