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2. Make-up water
Natural" make-up water can be classified into four categories:
rainwater ;
surface water: rivers, lakes, surface reservoirs;
groundwater: from springs, wells, groundwater ;
seawater.
With the development of membrane technology, combined with the zero-emission objectives of industrial companies seeking to reduce their environmental impact, the use of wastewater as make-up water for cooling circuits is set to grow. However, the cost of pre-treatment still limits its use to specific situations (scarcity of make-up water, high water prices).
Rainwater is rarely used, but can be used to supplement limited industrial needs....
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Make-up water
Cooling systems
Bibliography
Websites
Cooling towers http://www.picardie.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/.../GUIDECETIAT_cle6fa…
Solubility products http://www.periodni.com/fr/constantes_du_produit_de_solubilite.html
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- Water quality – Legionella enumeration - ISO 11731 - 2017
- Water quality – Detection and quantification of Legionella spp. and/or Legionella pneumophila by gene concentration and amplification using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) - ISO/TS 12869 - 2019
- Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosion and scaling of industrial water cooling circuits – Part 1: Guidelines for pilot evaluation of anticorrosion...
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Regulation n° 9872008 of October 8, 2008 amending Annexes IV and V of Regulation (EC) n° 19072006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (OJEU n° L 268 of October 9, 2008)
Regulation (EU) No. 528/2012 of May 22, 2012 concerning the placing on the market and use of biocidal products (OJEU No. L 167 of...
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