Urban nature and human health

Urban nature and human health are contemporary issues that have arisen over the last few centuries as a result of the demographic explosion, the increase in urban population, the excessive exploitation of natural resources, most of them fossil-based, and the mineralization of living spaces. While, according to the theory of biophilia, humans need contact with nature for a balanced life, they have gradually distanced themselves from it. The result has been a deterioration in ecosystems, a change in climate and a deterioration in health. The history of the city, its origins and evolution, helps us to understand how humans have gradually become disconnected from nature. Reconnecting with nature requires us to reflect on the benefits of nature for individual and collective health, on the one hand, and on the place of nature (plant and animal) in urban space, on the other. Accepting at international level that urban space should be considered as an ecosystem is a major step forward for humanity and the planet. An anthropogenic ecosystem that must find its own dynamics and equilibrium, while contributing to a healthy environment. Urban ecosystem health and human health are intimately linked. Ecosystem health enables us to meet ecological challenges and generate regulatory, provisioning and social ecosystem services. Human health is strongly influenced by experiences of nature. The presentation of scientific knowledge on the effects of nature on health enables us to understand how reconnecting with nature can benefit the physical, mental and social health of city dwellers. City planning, and the design and management of natural spaces, must take account of health and ecological issues if we are to build the viable, sustainable city of tomorrow.