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1. Nature, properties, sources
We begin by describing the nature and properties of metals and metalloids present in water. Defining the metal or metalloid species in solution is essential to understanding the mechanisms of interaction and elimination, and to selecting the optimum treatment technique based on the physicochemical properties of the species in question.
1.1 Definitions, natures, properties
A general approach to the nature of metals and metalloids can be taken from Mendeleev's periodic table of elements.
Metals and metalloids include all elements except rare gases and hydrogen (H), boron (B), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and the halogens chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br),...
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Nature, properties, sources
Health and environmental impacts
Bibliography
Standardization
Numerous international and French standards exist for specific assay methods by metallic element or analytical technique. They are constantly evolving, thanks to the development of recent techniques (mercury determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry in 2002, application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 2005) and the improvement of older ones (trace element determination by graphite furnace...
Standards and norms
Standards
AFNOR standards
- Dosage de huit éléments métalliques (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb) par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme - FD T90-112 - 1998
- Water quality – Chromium determination – Atomic absorption spectrometry - NF EN 1233 - 1996
- Water quality – Mercury determination – Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without...
Regulations
The presence of metal ions in water and the determination of their concentration are part of the overall water quality control process
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
Water agencies :
http://www.lesagencesdeleau.fr/
Adour-Garonne Water Agency :
http://www.eau-adour-garonne.fr/
Loire-Brittany Water Agency...
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