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6. Emerging trends and processes
While the need to remove metal ions and metalloids from water is well established in the interests of human health, the environment and regulatory compliance, there is still room for improvement in treatment processes, and a number of trends can be identified.
Precipitation by pH variation is limited by the solubility of the hydroxides formed in water. To improve this process, coupling with another technique, such as coagulation-flocculation with metal salts and/or polymeric additives, or adsorption or biosorption, may be of interest. Moreover, precipitation is a process with limited selectivity.
Ion exchange remains a technique for the massive and more or less selective removal of high concentrations of ions from water for specific industrial uses.
For certain metalloids,...
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Emerging trends and processes
Glossary
Bibliography
Standardization
Numerous international and French standards exist for specific assay methods by metallic element or analytical technique. They are constantly evolving, thanks to the development of recent techniques (mercury determination by atomic fluorescence spectrometry in 2002, application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 2005) and the improvement of older ones (trace element determination by graphite furnace...
Standards and norms
Standards
AFNOR standards
- Dosage de huit éléments métalliques (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb) par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme - FD T90-112 - 1998
- Water quality – Chromium determination – Atomic absorption spectrometry - NF EN 1233 - 1996
- Water quality – Mercury determination – Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without...
Regulations
The presence of metal ions in water and the determination of their concentration are part of the overall water quality control process
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
Water agencies :
http://www.lesagencesdeleau.fr/
Adour-Garonne Water Agency :
http://www.eau-adour-garonne.fr/
Loire-Brittany Water Agency...
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