Article | REF: G1815 V3

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Author: Pierre LE CLOIREC

Publication date: December 10, 2022

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ABSTRACT

The problem of CO2 is presented as a whole. This article describes the physical and chemical properties of CO2, its sources and impacts on health and the environment, and its identification and quantification in gaseous emissions. The regulations in force are discussed in relation to international agreements on climate. The technologies of separation, concentration, transport and storage are described. The recovery of CO2 is illustrated by examples. Technical and economic criteria are given for each step of these technologies designed to reduce emissions into the atmosphere.

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AUTHOR

  • Pierre LE CLOIREC: Professor, Honorary Director of ENSCR - École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes, France

 INTRODUCTION

Greenhouse effect, global warming, rising sea levels, melting ice floes or glaciers... these are all expressions that have become part of everyday language as a result of alarmist statements in the media.

The international conferences of Rio (1992) and Kyoto (1997) (COP3 – 38 signatory countries) mark a determination to reduce atmospheric pollutants. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol required the 38 signatory countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% by 2008-2012. Against this backdrop, the European Union issued a directive, adopted on October 13, 2003, providing for emission quotas and penalties for exceeding commitments. France has reduced its CO 2 emissions by around 15% and 6% respectively compared with 1990 and 2010. . In December 2015, the COP21 (21st Conference of the Parties), bringing together 195 countries, held in Paris, enabled discussion between States and generated an agreement text with, in particular, a 2°C limit on temperature rise in 2100. This implies a drastic reduction (-25% by 2030) of greenhouse gases (GHGs) present in emissions due to human activity.

Based on French data, the main greenhouse gas (GHG) molecules are listed and defined. They include water vapor (55%), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (39%), methane (CH 4 ) (2%), ozone (O 3 ) (2%) and, to a lesser extent, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (2%), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 2% and, to a lesser extent, halocarbons (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), freon, perfluoromethanes) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). . Some authors do not take water vapour into account and in this case, of course, the distribution values are different. It should be clearly specified that,...

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CO2 (carbon dioxide)
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