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1. Manufactured nanomaterials: a growing industry
The development of nanoscience and nanotechnology accelerated in the 2000s. At the interface between physics, chemistry and biology, they study and put into practice the design and use of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are defined as assemblies of a few hundred to a few thousand atoms, resulting in an object smaller than 100 nm (1 nm = 10 –9 m). By way of comparison, a spherical nanomaterial 10 nm in diameter will be 100 times larger than an atom and 5 times larger than a DNA molecule. A virus has an average size of 100 nm, and a human cell measures around ten thousand nanometers. Nanomaterials fall into three categories:
nanoparticles, whose three dimensions are less than 100 nm ;
nanotubes with one dimension greater than 100 nm, which can be considered fibers if...
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Manufactured nanomaterials: a growing industry
Synthesis of nanomaterials
Economic data
The market is booming (figure 1 ). Among the nanomaterials currently in industrial production are titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silica, carbon black and carbon nanotubes.... The tonnage of nanomaterials produced industrially in the coming years should increase at least tenfold by 2020. Estimated production in 2010-2020...
Bibliography
References
Standardization
- Gants de protection contre les produits chimiques et les microorganismes. Partie 2 : détermination de la résistance à la pénétration - NF EN 374-2 - 04-04
- Atmosphère des lieux de travail. Définition des fractions de taille pour le mesurage des particules en suspension dans l'air - NF EN 481 - 11-93
- Sorbonnes. Partie 1 : vocabulaire - NF EN 14175-1 - 10-03
- Sorbonnes. Partie 2 : exigences de sécurité...
Regulations
Council Directive 67/548/EEC of June 27, 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labeling of dangerous substances, OJ 196 of August 16, 1967.
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 of March 23, 1993 on the evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances, OJ L 84 of April 5, 1993.
Council...
Organizations
French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/developpement-durable/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
French National...
Research programs
EXPAU (Occupational exposure to ultrafine aerosols), INRS http://www.inrs.fr/htm/projet_exposition_professionnelle_aerosols.html
NanoDerm http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~nanoderm/
...
Databases
(non-exhaustive list)
Nanowerk http://www.nanowerk.com/
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies http://www.nanotechproject.org/
Manufacturers, users
(non-exhaustive list)
Degussa http://www.degussa.com/
NanoGram http://www.nanogram.com/
Inco http://www.inco.com/
...
Resellers of nanometrology equipment
(non-exhaustive list)
TSI Inc. http://www.tsi.com/
Grimm Aerosol Technik http://www.grimm-aerosol.com/
Dekati Ltd. http://dekati.com/cms/
...
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