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5. Methods of contamination
Nanotechnologies can cause acute contamination (high exposure concentrations over a short period of time) or chronic contamination (low exposure concentrations over long periods of time) of personnel. Three modes of contamination can be identified: inhalation, dermal and ingestion.
A review of the literature shows that current studies mainly concern acute exposure, whereas chronic exposure would be more representative of actual exposure conditions in both occupational and environmental environments. In vivo biokinetic studies enable us to identify target organs (figure 3 ) according to the mode of contamination, and to describe the associated pathophysiologies. In vitro studies help clarify the molecular interactions of nanomaterials with model cells of target organs, and the mechanisms governing...
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Methods of contamination
Identifying risks
Economic data
The market is booming (figure 1 ). Among the nanomaterials currently in industrial production are titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silica, carbon black and carbon nanotubes.... The tonnage of...
Bibliography
References
Standardization
- Gants de protection contre les produits chimiques et les microorganismes. Partie 2 : détermination de la résistance à la pénétration - NF EN 374-2 - 04-04
- Atmosphère des lieux de travail. Définition des fractions de taille pour le mesurage des particules en suspension dans l'air - NF EN 481 - 11-93
- Sorbonnes. Partie 1 : vocabulaire - NF EN 14175-1 - 10-03
- Sorbonnes. Partie 2 : exigences de sécurité...
Regulations
Council Directive 67/548/EEC of June 27, 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labeling of dangerous substances, OJ 196 of August 16, 1967.
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 793/93 of March 23, 1993 on the evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances, OJ L 84 of April 5, 1993.
Council...
Organizations
French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/developpement-durable/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
French National...
Research programs
EXPAU (Occupational exposure to ultrafine aerosols), INRS http://www.inrs.fr/htm/projet_exposition_professionnelle_aerosols.html
NanoDerm http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~nanoderm/
...
Databases
(non-exhaustive list)
Nanowerk http://www.nanowerk.com/
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies http://www.nanotechproject.org/
Manufacturers, users
(non-exhaustive list)
Degussa http://www.degussa.com/
NanoGram http://www.nanogram.com/
Inco http://www.inco.com/
...
Resellers of nanometrology equipment
(non-exhaustive list)
TSI Inc. http://www.tsi.com/
Grimm Aerosol Technik http://www.grimm-aerosol.com/
Dekati Ltd. http://dekati.com/cms/
...
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