1. Energy transformation of sea and river transport

Maritime transport uses heavy fuel oil, Marine Gas Oil (distillate) and Marine Diesel Oil (mixture of petroleum products, mainly distillates) for propulsion and ship auxiliaries. It generates emissions of atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur oxides (SO _x ), nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), carbon monoxide (CO), fine particles (PM), black carbon and GHGs, which have a harmful effect on the environment (crop damage, deforestation) and on coastal populations up to 400 km inland, more particularly in ports located in built-up areas. They cause 20,000 to 100,000 premature deaths a year, given the uncertainties ...