1. International trade and shipping
The general trend towards industrial trade liberalization began after the Second World War, with multilateral negotiations under the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Transport). This liberalization was stimulated by :
the creation of the common market in Europe ;
German reunification and the disappearance of communist regimes;
regional free-trade agreements, including Mercosur, which brings together Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay in Latin America, and NAFTA, which brings together the United States, Canada and Mexico in North America.
It has been spreading to developing countries since the early 1980s, as a result of liberalization policies imposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as part of debt crisis...
The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
This article is included in
Inland waterway and maritime transport
This offer includes:
Knowledge Base
Updated and enriched with articles validated by our scientific committees
Services
A set of exclusive tools to complement the resources
Practical Path
Operational and didactic, to guarantee the acquisition of transversal skills
Doc & Quiz
Interactive articles with quizzes, for constructive reading
International trade and shipping
Constraints to be taken into account by the loader
Bibliography
Statistical sources
Scientific journals
International Journal of Maritime Economics
Journal of Transport Geography
Policy Maritime and Management
Transport Reviews
Trade magazines
Containerisation International
Journal de La Marine marchande
Port Development International
Journal for International Transport
Lloyd List
Lloyd's Shipping Economist
Shipping, Ports & Industries NPI
The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
