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1. Background information
To provide a clearer understanding of the diversity of diking systems, a few significant examples from France, the USA and the Netherlands are presented in the form of brief histories. These examples will provide a better understanding of the situations we are now faced with.
1.1 The Loire levees
The levees along the Loire (figure 1 ) are very old structures, with the earliest historical references dating back to the 8th century (Charlemagne's decree of 779)
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Background information
Situation of dikes in relation to hydraulic hazards
Bibliography
Websites
Gérard Degoutte – Fluvial hydraulics, dynamics and morphology course
https://tice.agroparistech.fr/coursenligne/courses/COURSDHYDRAULIQUEDYN/?id_session=0
Rainfall data : https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr
...Regulations
Law of September 16, 1807 on the draining of marshes
Directive 2007/60/EC of October 23, 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks
Decree no. 2015-526 of May 12, 2015 on the rules applicable to works built or developed with a view to preventing flooding and the rules governing the safety of hydraulic structures
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