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ABSTRACT
This manuscript ? in two parts - includes a detailed review of the phenomenological aspects of composites ageing addressed through the presentation of experimental observations, measurement results and numerical simulations. The first part presents the modelling of ageing in composite materials, the second part focuses on the presentation of some examples and case studies concerning thermo-mechanical, diffuse-mechanical and thermo-chemo-mechanical couplings taking place during ageing of composite materials for aircraft and aerospace applications.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Marco GIGLIOTTI: Engineering degree from the University of Pisa (Italy) - Doctorate in Solid Mechanics from the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (France) - Senior Lecturer (HDR), University of Poitiers and ISAE-ENSMA Poitiers
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Jean-Claude GRANDIDIER: Doctorate in Mechanics from the University of Metz - Professor, ISAE-ENSMA Poitiers
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Marie Christine LAFARIE-FRENOT: Doctorate in Physical Sciences from the University of Poitiers - Professor, University of Poitiers and ISAE-ENSMA Poitiers
INTRODUCTION
The use of organic matrix composites (OMCs) for aeronautical structures offers weight savings of between 25% and 30% compared with more conventional solutions (aluminum alloys); however, in civil aviation today, the weight of composite structures represents only around 20% of the total weight. These materials have very good specific properties, strength and rigidity, and exceptional fatigue resistance under 'standard' environmental conditions, but their performance deteriorates in the presence of aggressive environments, due to the onset of ageing phenomena. For these reasons, the integration of CMOs into structures facing aggressive environments remains difficult, as the problem of their durability arises. The aging of CMOs is the result of the combined action of temperature, humidity and the pressure of the gaseous environment, but also of the conditions under which they are used (type of process, firing cycle inducing residual stresses) and the structure of the material. It corresponds to an often irreversible evolution of the material's properties, and its study requires complex approaches.
For example, the structural parts of a future supersonic aircraft (planned for the 2020-2030 timeframe) will be subjected to fairly significant cyclic hygro-thermomechanical stresses: moisture desorption phenomena at high temperatures and successive passages at low temperatures can promote the initiation and propagation of damage. In the first stages of turbojet engines ('lukewarm' structures), the temperatures involved are of the order of 120°C-190°C, and the presence of oxygen in the surrounding environment induces thermo-oxidation processes in the organic matrices, leading to severe degradation phenomena and a significant reduction in service life.
Controlling the degradation phenomena associated with these conditions of use calls for multiphysical and multiscale approaches, both experimental and theoretical, and raises scientific as well as technological questions of great scope and complexity.
This article focuses on the durability and ageing of composite materials for aeronautical applications, with the aim of presenting simple and relevant characterization and modeling methodologies that can be used immediately to understand physical phenomena, and to identify, simulate and optimize real-life cases. It begins with a background and bibliographical overview of aging phenomena affecting organic matrix composites, and a review of the main modeling tools available for their prediction and interpretation. This is followed by a description of the mechanical/thermodynamic framework within which composite material ageing modelling has been developed, to enable us to interpret the observations schematically described and to approach their simulation....
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KEYWORDS
state of art | modelling tools | ageing of composite | multi-physical ant multi-scale couplings | mechanical engineering | transportation
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Corrosion - Aging
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Aging of organic matrix composites
Bibliography
Events
DURACOSYS – DURAbility of Composite SYStems – International conference series on the durability of composite materials and systems
ICCM – International Conference on Composite Materials – International conference series on composite materials
ECCM – European Conference on Composite Materials – International conference series on composite materials
ICEM –...
Standards and norms
Durability standards for composite materials
FAR 25.613, "Material Strength Properties".
FAR 25.615, Design Properties
FAA AC 20-107A
JAR 25.613, 25.615, and 25.603 similar to FAA standards
FAR 25.603, "Materials
FAR 25.605, Manufacturing Methods...
Directory
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) – Government agency responsible for regulations and controls concerning civil aviation in the United States.
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) – Organization associated with the ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference) in the harmonization of civil aviation in Europe. Replaced by EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) in 2009.
Associations...
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