1. Operations practice

The operations described below are common practice in a modern steel mill equipped with computerized control and monitoring systems, and a combustion-free capture system, where cast iron arrives in barrel ladles and steel is continuously cast after ladle treatment.

1.1 Refining

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1.1.1 Low-phosphorus cast iron

Low-phosphorus cast iron, also known as "hematite cast iron", contains less than 0.15% phosphorus (see

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Bibliography

(1) - VOLPICELLA (S.), ARNO (M.), POLI (A.), PRAITONI (A.) - New development in BOF dynamic control system - International Oxygen Steelmaking Congress, Linz, Autriche, p. 513-532, 4 tabl., 9 fig. (25-27 mai 1987).
(2) - OLLILA (S.), LILJA (J.) - Direct tapping...