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1. About copper
An essential element for life, copper is present in the earth's crust, oceans, lakes and rivers. Most mines have copper contents ranging from 0.2% to 0.8%, and some contain up to 6%. Generally, copper is found as sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), covelline or covellite (CuS), chalcosine or chalcocite (Cu 2 S), oxides such as cuprite (Cu 2 O) and even in its native state.
Along with gold, copper was the first metal to be worked by man: it was first used around 9,000 years ago. Today, it is one of the most widely used materials, and will continue to be so in the future, thanks to i) its intrinsic characteristics, which make it a reference material for a wide range of uses, and ii) its eco-compatibility: it can be recycled without...
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About copper
Chemical copper plating
Bibliography
Websites
Legifrance
Ademe
Water Agency
Standards and norms
The AFNOR catalog can be consulted online: http://www.afnor.fr
- Standard Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc (Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel Articles (http://www.astm.org/Standards/A239.htm). - ASTM A239 -
Regulations
Arrêté du 30 juin 2006 relatif aux installations de traitements de surfaces soumises à autorisation au titre de la rubrique 2565 de la nomenclature des installations classées – JORF n° 205 du 5 septembre 2006.
European RoHS Directive (2002/95/EC) – Restriction of use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment –
Patents
Post-treatment of copper on printed circuit boards, EP1097618 B1 (March 2003).
Organic solderability preservative compositions, US 005 85 8074A (July 1997).
Directory
European Copper Institute :
International Copper Association :
International Copper Study Group (ICSG):
...Statistical and economic data
Copper has a long history of use, and today it plays a key role in industrial development. Copper deposits are found all over the world, but the largest reserves are in China and the USA. The annual production capacities of the main mines (as of July 2014) are shown in table
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