6. Conclusion
The era of incandescent lighting has come to an end, and while fluorescent lighting is still around, innovations in this field are few and far between. Clearly, the lighting of the 21st century will be less energy-intensive, more durable and efficient, less impacting on the environment, versatile, modular and integrable.
Technologically speaking, there is still considerable theoretical scope for LEDs at chip level, since their efficiency can exceed 100% (by thermal pumping into the atmosphere). The extraction of the light produced at the heart of the junction is also being addressed, with the integration of photonic crystals or innovative solutions such as nanowire LEDs; thermal management is also a concern, and flip-chip technologies are an example of a response to this kind of problem, while quantum dots LEDs (QDLEDs) are another example of the development of...
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Conclusion
Bibliography
Bibliography
Standards and norms
Definitions and characteristics
- General lighting – Light-emitting diode (LED) products and related equipment – Terms and definitions – Modified by NF EN 62504/A1 (May 2018) - NF EN 62504 - 12-14
- Light and lighting – Measuring and presenting photometric data for lamps and luminaires – Part 4: LED lamps, modules and luminaires - NF EN 13032-4+A1 - 06-15
Safety requirements...
Regulations
Key regulations on environmental performance and eco-design
Regulation (EU) No 1194/2012 of December 12, 2012 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for directed lamps, light-emitting diode lamps and related equipment, amended
Regulation No 1428/2015 of August 25, 2015 amending Commission Regulation...
Industrial players
The main industrial players in the LED market are :
Cree https://lighting.cree.com/
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
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