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5. Modulation formats
Since the invention of fiber optics, and for almost thirty years, the modulation format, i.e. the approach used to transcribe binary information onto the electric light field, had remained very simple. It involved turning a laser light on/off, depending on whether the binary information to be transmitted was a "1" or a "0", with an alphabet of just two symbols. Since then, many other modulation formats have been proposed, exploiting different levels of intensity, phase and even polarization of the electric field .
5.1 Mach-Zehnder modulator
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Modulation formats
From coherent receivers to coherent transmission systems
Bibliography
Software tools
Optilux, free software for simulating optical transmission systems http://www.optilux.sourceforge.net/
VPI transmission Maker™, software suite for the simulation of optical components and systems, published by VPI photonics http://www.vpiphotonics.com/
...Websites
Jean-Michel Jonathan, lecture at Institut d'Optique GraduateSchool ParisTech, Guided wave optics http://paristech.institutoptique.fr/index.php?domaine=149
Events
Optical Fiber Communications Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC), an international conference held annually in the United States. http://www.ofcconference.org
European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC) is an international conference held every September in a different European country....
Standards and norms
- National Telecommunications Union http://www.itu.int/ - ITU -
- Interfaces for optical transport networks (OTN) http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709/fr - ITU-T G.709 -
- Spectral grids for wavelength-division multiplexing applications: DWDM dense grid http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.694.1/fr - ITU-T G.694.1 -
- Characteristics of single-mode optical cables and fibers http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.652/fr...
Regulations
French regulatory authority for electronic communications and posts, ARCEP http://www.arcep.fr/
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
Alcatel-Lucent http://www.alcatel-lucent.com
Ciena http://www.ciena.fr/
Cisco Systems http://www.cisco.fr
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