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8. Runtime
A compiler's runtime can be defined as all the code that is linked with each program to enable it to run properly.
The runtime handles the functions that support the code generated by the compiler. Typically, these functions are: (1) program initialization. (2) dynamic memory resource management. (3) input/output management. (4) dynamic code generation. (5) exception handling.
8.1 Program initialization
A program doesn't start by itself. Preparation is necessary. This is done by executing initialization code, which is highly dependent on both the operating system and the language in which the program is written.
For a program written in C on Unix, this initialization takes place in a routine named...
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