6. Conclusion
This article on georadar presents the many steps involved in its implementation. The physical principles are based on the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, and concern reflection, diffraction and refraction. The prospecting strategy must be carefully designed to suit the intended application: the choice of antennae (frequency band), the transmission mode (frequency or time) and the acquisition geometry (spatial sampling, spacing between antennae) are the major parameters to be optimally defined. Georadar appears to have considerable potential for a wide range of near-surface prospecting applications. However, its use remains limited in environments with high electrical conductivity. When the environment is favorable to its use, the wealth of information that can be extracted from georadar traces can lead to "over-interpretation". It is therefore necessary to resort to various...
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Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Scientific journals and newspapers
Journals of the AGU, American Geophysical Union (Geophysics...) http://www.agu.org/
Journals of the EAGE, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (Near Surface, Geophysical Prospecting...) http://www.eage.org/
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Software tools
GPRMax http://www.gprmax.com/
REFLEXW http://www.sandmeier-geo.de/index.html
EMPIRE (IMST) http://www.empire.de/
Websites
Georadar course http://phineas.u-strasbg.fr/marquis/Enseignement/Public/Master/Radar.ppt
General information on georadar http://clu-in.org/char/technologies/gpr.cfm
Events
International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), held every two years (last in 2016)
International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR), held every two years (last in June 2015).
Standards and norms
- Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) ; Short Range Devices (SRD) ; Ground- and Wall-Probing Radar applications ; Part 1 : Technical characteristics and test methods - ETSI EN 302 066-1 -
- Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM) ; Short Range Devices (SRD) ; Ground- and Wall-Probing Radar applications ; Part 2 : Harmonized EN under article 3.2 of the R Directive -...
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Manufacturers – Suppliers
The four main industrial manufacturers of surface georadar are GSSI in the USA (SIR10 (1990), SIR20 (2001), SIR2000 (1998), SIR3000 (2002), Profiler (2007) systems), Sensors & Software in Canada (RAMAC/GPR system), Mala in Sweden (pulseEKKO PRO system) and IDS in Italy (RIS system). They sell complete radar systems in the [15 MHz; 2.5 GHz] band for GSSI, in the [12.5 MHz; 1.2 GHz] band...
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