6. Devices generating a fixed or variable magnetic field
6.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI produced its first images in the 1970s, and expanded rapidly from the 1980s onwards. It enables many organs to be studied with great precision by producing cross-sectional images in different planes, and reconstructing the analyzed structure in three dimensions. The machine consists of a cylinder in which an intense magnetic field is created, and into which the examination bed is inserted.
The magnetic field is created by magnets or a superconducting coil. Some of the most recent machines use magnets with a total mass in excess of one tonne to generate the magnetic field. Nd-Fe-B magnets are generally the preferred choice, in order to obtain high fields that are as constant as possible over a large volume. Two geometric...
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Devices generating a fixed or variable magnetic field
Development and future prospects
Economic data
1. Worldwide production
The permanent magnet market was estimated at US$4.4 billion in 1998, over US$5 billion in 2000 and US$8 billion in 2007. It should continue to grow, reaching US$11 billion in 2010.
With their modest magnetic performance but low cost, ferrites remain the magnet family that dominates the world market, both in terms of tonnage (90%) and sales (around half of the global...
Bibliography
References
Standardization
Association française de normalisation AFNOR
- Magnetic materials – Method for measuring the coercive field of magnetic materials in an open magnetic circuit (classification index: C28-921). - NF EN 10330 - (08-03)
- Magnetic materials – Materials for permanent magnets (magnetically hard) – Methods for measuring magnetic...
International Electrotechnical Commission IEC
- Magnetic materials – Part 1: Classification. - CEI 60404-1 - (08-00)
- Matériaux magnétiques. Septième partie : méthode de mesure du champ coercitif des matériaux magnétiques en circuit magnétique ouvert. - CEI 60404-7 - (01-82)
- Modification 1 à la publication CEI 60404-8-1 d'avril 2001....
Laboratoires
Groupe d'Étude de la Matière Condensé GEMaC – Laboratoire de Magnétisme et d'Optique de Versailles LMOV http://www.gemac.uvsq.fr/
Materials Physics Group GPM http://www.univ-rouen.fr/gpm/index_francais.htm
Grenoble...
Magnet manufacturers
(Non-exhaustive list of the world's leading magnet manufacturers)
DMEGC: ferrite http://www.chinadmegc.com/chinadmegc/english/web/index.asp
Electron Energie Corporation (EEC) : Sm-Co http://www.electronenergy.com/
...
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